the first is death and extinction; the second is the dominance of the forces of nature and the many and varied
challenges of existence around them; and the third is the competition
with their own kind and attempts to dominate and control, along
with the injustice and oppression that accompany this.
As for death and extinction, it is an inevitable matter, beyond human capacity. Philosophers have discussed it, exploring it in terms of interpretation, analysis, and predictions. The ultimate conclusion
is that it is a great mystery and an unavoidable fate,
which can only be met with acceptance and submission.
This is what is expressed in the literature of the heavenly religions as "the events of end times" or "eschatological events", which accompany the last days of humanity, and directly preceding the "Day of Judgment", which means the resurrection of the dead for judgment in the afterlife. The heavenly religions (including Judaism and Christianity here) agree that the "Savior" is a supreme religious figure, who derives great power from Allah, Almighty, to establish the right, spread goodness, and suppress injustice, and evil practices that overwhelm humanity life at that time.
nor is it limited to the texts of heavenly religions, but, the researcher in religions finds that it is a belief that was circulated by ancient religions, each one of them had its own savior, whom it preached and awaited.
This research explains the roots of the belief in the existence of a savior in ancient non-heavenly religions, such as Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and others. It also explains the texts that are used as evidence, and the characteristics of this savior (the awaited). The belief in the awaited savior is deeply rooted in most, if not all, of the man-made religions, as no religion is devoid of the belief in waiting for a savior, hoping that its suffering will be removed, and its belief will triumph.
It is clear that the American hegemony obsession began during the reign of the third president of the United States (Thomas Jefferson), when he preached the birth of a new empire, where justice, freedom, and equality would spread on earth, and the oppressed would be confronted.
Due to the conflict between America and the former Soviet Union, America worked to impose its hegemony on the Western world, after World War II, and on the Third World through economic and political projects, especially the "Freedom Wave" project, which aimed at cause revolutions in non-dominated countries.
The fall of the Eastern Bloc, after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, caused an intellectual revolution within Western institutions. So, several statements, which related to the idea of "the end", have emerged, and the most famous of which is the statement "the end of history" that essentially justifies American hegemony, the expansion of the field of liberal democratization, and the transformation of the world into a liberal market, where the development of society ends at a point called the "global market society". This hegemony "was aimed at Americanizing the world, and controlling it through "soft power".
Among these intellectual trends, philosophies - that supported material values versus spiritual values – have emerged, such as Hegelianism and Marxism. More modern trends have also emerged, making the relationship among civilizations a clashing one, such that spiritual and human values have been bypassed at the expense of showing liberal values, and the values of the "instrumental rationality".
The conclusion was an evaluation of the ideas presented by these philosophies such as: the principle of interest, and ethics instead of the moral knowledge that characterizes human existence.
which represented a decisive intellectual turning point in the history of Western thought as a whole, as he contributed through his genealogical reading of history, to the transition from the stage of modernity to the stage of post-modernity, then to transcend the Western philosophical conception, aiming at build the history of humanity, and not to destroy it by creating new concepts, which serve human civilization in the stage of post-modernity.
Nietzsche sought to make his philosophy speak about his era, and its weakness and frailty. This explains his why he is averse to it, rejects it, and considers it as a kind of intellectual decadence, and weakness that must be changed and overcome, by finding new concepts that serve humanity. However, this philosophy has led him into a series of intellectual and ideological pitfalls, which have made it the subject of wide-ranging intellectual debate. So, how did Nietzsche understand history, and on what foundations did he build his genealogy in the philosophy of history, and what are the most important philosophical pitfalls that his philosophy fell into?
as is the case with the "Marxist theory", and its vision of the end of the world's development, and reaching a state of inevitability, which led to a series of contradictions, and made it vulnerable to criticisms that extended this theory, because it contained unscientific predictions, based on this "inevitability", as well as its violent radical positions that are not accepted by common sense, such as: Abolishing private property, rejecting religious thought and metaphysical visions such as denying resurrection, accountability and the afterlife, which are the subject of consensus among various human societies throughout time.
We will not find a political philosophy, that capable to do that, except the Mahdism doctrine, whose state is distinguished by several characteristics, such as: The sovereignty of the monotheistic religion, the universality of its authority in the East and the West, establishing justice - where injustice in all its forms is eliminated, a sense of thorough security is spread, which eliminates fear, anxiety and unrest, economic well-being is achieved, which is manifested by the ability of every citizen to secure his needs, in a way that eliminates poverty, hunger, begging, etc. - people's commitment to values and abstaining from corruption, based on self-moral motivation, not fear of the law - the infallible ruler worked according to the givens of reality as it is, not the appearance as it appears through evidence and sensory testimonies, and humanity reaching the pinnacle of perfect knowledge and intellectual maturity.
It seeks to reveal the meaning of history, the direction it is heading towards, and the laws that govern it. All this happens after raising the basic question about the origin of the existence of meaning, direction and laws for human movement in history and time. Hence, the issue of Mahdism in Islamic thought in general, and Imamate thought in particular, constituted a matter that depicts an ideal scene for the conclusion of history and the end of time, this is through presenting the complete model that humanity awaits.
Therefore, the search for Mahdism, as one of the visions of the philosophy of history, was the subject of consideration in this research. We sought to clarify the features of history and the direction it is heading towards, according to the transmitted Quranic and Hadith facts, as well as the philosophical facts, and then the search for the position of Mahdism and the appearance [zuhur], according to this vision that the religious philosophical text and thought present to us.
In this regard, “humanitarian borders” are a recent concept in the international system, which oversees some efforts to alleviate the pain and suffering of migrants at borders, especially the borders of the European Union, which has not been able to practically secure the rights of refugees, and has lost its reality in light of the security interests of the European Union.
Therefore, the main question of this research is: To what extent has the idea of establishing humanitarian borders, by the European Union, been able to secure the basic and self-evident rights of migrants and refugees?
The research assumption is as follows: The EU's humanitarian border policies and measures, which should logically alleviate the suffering of migrants and refugees, are influenced by political considerations more than by human rights requirements, and have practically become part of the justifications for all types of violations and violence at the EU's borders. This research - using a normative-descriptive approach, a qualitative approach and focusing on the literature on humanitarian borders - argues that emphasizing the measures and components of "humanitarian security", rather than "national security" and "state security", could be a suitable framework for demarcating humanitarian borders. So that the basis of this security is human life and dignity, protecting the basic pillars of human life in the face of widespread threats, and providing the necessary resources for the lives of refugees and migrants.
However, it includes the general principles to prove the Imamate of the Imams of Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) in general, and the biography of all the Imams (peace be upon them), regarding guidance to the Imamate of the next Imam.
The reason for paying attention to this research, according to the rules of religion, is three aspects:
1- The necessity of investigating the chosen ones from Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) in this nation, and believing in them, as this is part of the completion of the religion.
2- Imam Mahdi (peace be upon him) is the actual Imam of this nation, according to the religion's hadiths. So, he must be loved and loyal to him, and it has been said: "Whoever dies without knowing the Imam of his time dies a horrible death."
3- Imam Mahdi (peace be upon him) is the promised of this nation, and this requires attention to knowing him. Religion's hadiths informed that in order for people to believe in him, in advance, before his appearance, and to submit to him when he appears.
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