Among these intellectual trends, philosophies - that supported material values versus spiritual values – have emerged, such as Hegelianism and Marxism. More modern trends have also emerged, making the relationship among civilizations a clashing one, such that spiritual and human values have been bypassed at the expense of showing liberal values, and the values of the "instrumental rationality".
The conclusion was an evaluation of the ideas presented by these philosophies such as: the principle of interest, and ethics instead of the moral knowledge that characterizes human existence.
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