in the period before European colonialism, by presenting the most important peoples who were able to reach the continent before the Europeans knew about it, and the civilizations that arose and flourished before the continent was exposed to European invasion, the most important of them are: Aztec, Inca, and Mayan civilizations. The research contains a brief description of this continent and the progress it has achieved. It also addresses the first European invasions of the continent, in particular the four voyages of Columbus, the voyage of Amerigo Vespucci and the traveler Alvarez, and the discoveries that occurred. Then, we discussed the European expansion into the continent, the systematic destruction of the ancient civilizations that had existed until that time, the plundering of the continent’s resources, killing its inhabitants and the replacement of them with the African ones.
The research concluded the most important negative consequences of European colonialism of the continent and the plundering of resources, depopulation, and change in the nature of American societies there.
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